Analysis of the Spatial Distribution and Network-Based Accessibility of Public Healthcare Facilities in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria

Access to healthcare remains a critical challenge in many developing urban centres. This study examined the spatial distribution and network-based accessibility of public healthcare facilities in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. Using ArcGIS Pro, spatial data on 107 public healthcare facilities, road networks, and ward-level population were analysed. Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN) analysis, Closest Facility analysis, and Service Area analysis (time- and distance-based) were performed to evaluate physical accessibility. Results revealed a clustered distribution of facilities (ANN ratio = 0.68, z-score = -3.21, p < 0.01), with Ilorin South LGA hosting 38%, Ilorin East LGA hosting 35%, and Ilorin West LGA hosting 27%. Network analysis showed that 89% of the study area is within a 5-minute drive to the nearest facility, while 11% of peripheral wards require 10–15 minutes. Primary healthcare centres (PHCs) dominate coverage in the first 5-minute band (88.1% of the area). However, significant spatial disparities exist: central urban wards enjoy excellent access, while peri-urban wards in Ilorin West and parts of Ilorin South experience moderate to low accessibility. The study concludes that, while geographical coverage appears relatively good, network-based models reveal inequities not captured by simple Euclidean distance measures. Findings provide actionable evidence for the Kwara State Ministry of Health to prioritise facility upgrading and road improvements in underserved wards. Integration of GIS-based accessibility modelling is recommended for equitable healthcare planning in rapidly urbanising Nigerian cities.